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Gasparo Spontini

Gasparo Spontini

Gaspare Spontini (14 November, 1774 – 24 January, 1851) was an Italian opera composer and conductor. Born in Maiolati in the province of Ancona, now Maiolati Spontini, he spent most of his career in Paris and Berlin, but returned to his place of birth at the end of his life. During the first two decades of the 19th century, Spontini was an important figure in French opera seria. In his more than twenty operas, Spontini strove to adapt Gluck's classical tragédie lyrique to the contemporary taste for melodrama, for grander spectacle (in Fernand Cortez for example), for enriched orchestral timbre, and for melodic invention allied to idiomatic expressiveness of words. His single great masterpiece and success was La Vestale. As a youth, Spontini studied at the Conservatorio della Pietà de' Turchini in Naples. In 1803, he went to Paris, where he was appointed court composer in 1805. In 1807, Spontini wrote La Vestale, his best known work. Written with the encouragement of Empress Joséphine, its premiere at the Paris Opera established Spontini as one of the greatest Italian composers of his age. His contemporaries Cherubini and Meyerbeer considered it a masterpiece, and later composers like Berlioz and Wagner admired it. Spontini's later, likewise highly regarded Olimpie (1819, revised 1820, 1826) met with indifference, leading him to leave Paris for Prussia, where he became Kappelmeister and chief conductor at the Berlin Volksopera. During the 20th century, Spontini's operas were only rarely performed. Perhaps the most famous modern production was the revival of La Vestale with Maria Callas at La Scala at the opening of the 1954 season, to mark the 180th anniversary of the composer's birth. The stage director was famed cinematic director Luchino Visconti. That production was also the La Scala debut of tenor Franco Corelli. Callas recorded the arias "Tu che invoco" and "O Nume tutela" from La Vestale in 1955 (as did Rosa Ponselle in 1926). In 1969, conductor Fernando Previtali revived the opera, with soprano Leyla Gencer and bass-baritone Renato Bruson. (An unofficial recording is in circulation.) In 1995, conductor Riccardo Muti recorded it with a cast of lesser-known singers. Other revivals of Spontini include Agnes di Hohenstaufen at the Maggio Musicale festival in Florence in 1954, conducted by Vittorio Gui, and in Rome in 1970, with Montserrat Caballé and Antonietta Stella, conducted by Riccardo Muti. Fernando Cortez was revived in 1951, with a young Renata Tebaldi, at the San Carlo (Naples) conducted by Gabriele Santini.

Spontini's operas


- Li puntigli delle donne (Rome, 1796)
- Adelina Senese o sia l'Amore secreto (1797)
- Il finto pittore (Rome, 1797)
- L’eroismo ridicolo (Naples, 1798)
- Il Teseo riconosciuto (1798)
- La finta filosofa (1799)
- La fuga in maschera (1800)
- I quadri parlanti (Palermo, 1800)
- Gli Elisi delusi (Palermo, 1800)
- Gli amanti in cimento (3 November, 1801, Rome, Teatro Valle)
- Le metamorfosi di Pasquale (1802, Venice)
- La petite maison (1804)
- Milton (27 Noevember, 1804, Paris)
- Julie, ou le Pot de fleurs (12 July, 1805, Paris)
- La vestale (15 December, 1807, Paris)
- Fernand Cortez (28 November, 1809, Paris)
- Pélage, ou le Roi et la paix (23 August, 1814, Paris)
- Olimpie (22 December, 1819, Paris)
- Nurmahal, oder das Rosenfest von Caschmir (27 May, 1822, Berlin, Opera)
- Alcidor (1825)
- Agnes von Hohenstaufen (12 June, 1829 Royal Opera Berlin) Spontini, Gaspare Spontini, Gaspare Spontini, Gaspare Spontini, Gaspare

14 November

November 14 is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 47 days remaining.

Events


- 1851 - Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick is published in the U.S. by Harper & Brothers, New York - after it was first published on October 18, 1851 by Richard Bentley, London.
- 1862 - American Civil War: President Abraham Lincoln approves General Ambrose Burnside's plan to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia, leading to the Battle of Fredericksburg.
- 1889 - Pioneer woman journalist Nellie Bly (Elizabeth Cochrane) begins a successful attempt to travel around the world in less than 80 days.
- 1911 - Aviation pioneer Eugene Ely performs the first take-off from a ship in Hampton Roads, VA. He took off from a makeshift deck on the light cruiser USS Birmingham in a Curtiss pusher.
- 1918 - Czechoslovakia becomes a republic.
- 1921 - The Communist Party of Spain is founded.
- 1922 - The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) begins radio service in the United Kingdom.
- 1940 - World War II: In England, the city of Coventry is heavily bombed by German Luftwaffe bombers.
- 1941 - World War II: The aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal sinks due to torpedo damage from U 81 sustained on November 13.
- 1952 - First regular UK singles chart published by the New Musical Express.
- 1965 - Vietnam War: Battle of the Ia Drang begins - the first major engagement between regular American and North Vietnamese forces.
- 1969 - Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 12, the second manned mission to the surface of the Moon.
- 1970 - Southern Airways DC-9 crashes in the mountains near Huntington, West Virginia, killing 75, including members of the Marshall University football team.
- 1971 - Mariner program: Mariner 9 reaches Mars, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit another planet.
- 1971 - His Holiness Shenouda III was concescrated as the 117th Patriarch of Alexandria and the See of St. Mark, the Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church.
- 1972 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 1,000 (1,003.16) for the first time.
- 1973 - In the United Kingdom, Princess Anne marries Captain Mark Phillips, in Westminster Abbey.
- 1974 - Ronald DeFeo, Jr. murders his family in their Amityville, New York home.
- 1975 - Spain abandons Western Sahara.
- 1979 - Iran hostage crisis: US President Jimmy Carter issues Executive order12170, freezing all Iranian assets in the United States in response to the hostage crisis.
- 1982 - Lech Wałęsa, the leader of Poland's outlawed Solidarity movement, is released after eleven months of internment near the Soviet border.
- 1990 - After German reunification, the (extended) Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Poland sign a treaty confirming the Oder-Neisse line as the border between Germany and Poland.
- 1991 - American and British authorities announce indictments against two Libyan intelligence officials in connection with the downing of the Pan Am Flight 103.
- 1991 - Cambodian Prince Norodom Sihanouk returns to Phnom Penh after thirteen years of exile.
- 1991 - A fired United States Postal Service employee goes on a shooting rampage, killing four and wounding five, before committing suicide.
- 1995 - A budget standoff between Democrats and Republicans in the U.S. Congress forces the federal government to temporarily close national parks and museums and to run most government offices with skeleton staffs.
- 2000 - Netscape Navigator version 6.0 is launched following two years of open source development.
- 2001 - Attack on Afghanistan: Afghan Northern Alliance fighters takeover the capital Kabul.
- 2002 - Argentina defaults on an $805 million World Bank payment.
- 2002 - The US House of Representatives votes to not create an independent commission to investigate the September 11 attacks.
- 2003 - Planetoid 90377 Sedna is discovered.
- 2005 - Silver Star Mountain Resort opens its 2005-2006 ski season.

Births

1567 to 1899


- 1567 - Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange (d. 1625)
- 1650 - King William III of England (d. 1702)
- 1719 - Leopold Mozart, Austrian composer (d. 1787)
- 1765 - Robert Fulton, American inventor (d. 1815)
- 1771 - Marie François Xavier Bichat, French anatomist and pysiologist (d. 1802)
- 1776 - Henri Dutrochet, French physiologist (d. 1847)
- 1779 - Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger, Danish poet (d. 1850)
- 1797 - Charles Lyell, British geologist (d. 1875)
- 1803 - Jacob Abbott, American writer (d. 1879)
- 1805 - Fanny Mendelssohn, German composer and pianist (d. 1847)
- 1812 - Aleardo Aleardi, Italian poet (d. 1878)
- 1828 - James B. McPherson, American Civil War general (d. 1864)
- 1838 - August Senoa, Croatian writer (d. 1881)
- 1840 - Claude Monet, French painter (d. 1926)
- 1878 - Leopold Staff, Polish poet (d. 1957)
- 1883 - Fred Quimby, American film producer (d. 1965)
- 1889 - Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India (d. 1964)
- 1891 - Frederick Banting, Canadian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1941)
- 1896 - Mamie Eisenhower, First Lady of the United States (d. 1979)

1900 to 1999


- 1900 - Aaron Copland, American composer (d. 1990)
- 1904 - Harold Larwood, English cricketer (d. 1995)
- 1904 - Dick Powell, American actor (d. 1963)
- 1905 - John Henry Barbee, American guitarist and singer (d. 1964)
- 1906 - Louise Brooks, American actress (d. 1985)
- 1907 - Howard W. Hunter, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1995)
- 1907 - Astrid Lindgren, Swedish writer (d. 2002)
- 1907 - William Steig, American cartoonist and children's book author (d. 2003)
- 1908 - Joseph McCarthy, U.S. Senator and anti-communist (d. 1957)
- 1910 - Eric Malpass, English novelist (d. 1996)
- 1912 - Barbara Hutton, American socialite (d. 1979)
- 1912 - T. Y. Lin, Chinese-born civil engineer (d. 2003)
- 1915 - Martha Tilton, American singer
- 1916 - Roger Apéry, French mathematician (d. 1994)
- 1916 - Sherwood Schwartz, American television writer and producer
- 1919 - Veronica Lake, American actress (d. 1973)
- 1919 - Lisa Otto, German soprano
- 1921 - Brian Keith, American actor (d. 1997)
- 1922 - Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Egyptian UN Secretary-General
- 1924 - Leonid Borisovitch Kogan, Russian violinist (d. 1982)
- 1927 - Bart Cummings, Australian race horse trainer
- 1929 - Jimmy Piersall, baseball player
- 1939 - McLean Stevenson, American actor (d. 1996)
- 1930 - Edward White, astronaut (d. 1967)
- 1935 - King Hussein of Jordan (d. 1999)
- 1939 - Wendy Carlos, American composer
- 1943 - Peter Norton, American software engineer and businessman
- 1945 - Stella Obasanjo, Nigerian First Lady
- 1947 - P. J. O'Rourke, American writer
- 1948 - Charles, Prince of Wales
- 1951 - Stephen Bishop, American musician
- 1953 - Dominique de Villepin, Prime Minister of France
- 1954 - Bernard Hinault, French cyclist
- 1954 - Condoleezza Rice, United States Secretary of State
- 1954 - Yanni, Greek musician
- 1959 - Paul McGann, British actor
- 1964 - Bill Hemmer, American television news reporter
- 1966 - Curt Schilling, American baseball player
- 1967 - Letitia Dean, British actress
- 1967 - Nina Gordon, American singer and songwriter
- 1971 - Adam Gilchrist, Australian cricketer
- 1972 - Martin Pike, Australian footballer
- 1973 - Lawyer Milloy, American football player
- 1973 - Dana Snyder, American voice actor
- 1975 - Travis Barker, American drummer
- 1978 - Xavier Nady, baseball player

Deaths


- 565 - Justinian the Great, Byzantine Emperor (b. 483)
- 1226 - Frederick of Isenberg, German politician (executed) (b. 1193)
- 1263 - Alexander Nevsky, Grand Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir
- 1359 - Gregory Palamas, Archbishop of Thessalonica (b. 1296)
- 1522 - Anne de Beaujeu, Princess and Regent of France (b. 1461)
- 1556 - Giovanni della Casa, Italian poet (b. 1504)
- 1633 - William Ames, English philosopher (b. 1576)
- 1687 - Nell Gwynne, English mistress of Charles II of England (b. 1650)
- 1691 - Tosa Mitsuoki, Japanese painter (b. 1617)
- 1716 - Gottfried Leibniz, German philosopher and mathematician (b. 1646)
- 1734 - Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth, French-born mistress of Charles II of England (b. 1649)
- 1746 - Georg Steller, German naturalist (b. 1709)
- 1825 - Jean Paul, German writer (b. 1763)
- 1829 - Louis Nicolas Vauquelin, French pharmacist and chemist (b. 1763)
- 1831 - Georg Hegel, German philosopher (b. 1770)
- 1832 - Charles Carroll of Carrollton, signer of the American Declaration of Independence and U.S. Senator (b. 1732)
- 1844 - John Abercrombie, British physician (b. 1780)
- 1866 - King Miguel of Portugal (b. 1802)
- 1907 - Andrew Inglis Clark, Australian politician (b. 1848)
- 1908 - The Guangxu Emperor of China, (b. 1871)
- 1915 - Booker T. Washington, American inventor, educator, and author (b. 1856)
- 1916 - Saki, British writer (b. 1870)
- 1944 - Carl Flesch, Hungarian violinist (b. 1873)
- 1946 - Manuel de Falla, Spanish composer (b. 1876)
- 1972 - Martin Dies, Jr., American politician (b. 1900)
- 1992 - Ernst Happel, Austrian football coach (b. 1925)
- 1994 - Tom Villard, American actor (b. 1953)
- 1997 - Eddie Arcaro, American jockey (b. 1916)
- 2000 - Robert Trout, American journalist (b. 1908)
- 2003 - Gene Anthony Ray, American actor (b. 1962)
- 2004 - Margaret Hassan, Irish-born aid worker (b. 1945)

Holidays and observances


- Roman festivals - Equorum Probatio
- India - Birthday of Jawaharlal Nehru: Children's day
- World Diabetes Day
- United States - [http://www.cbcbooks.org/cbw/ National Children's Book Week] begins

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/14 BBC: On This Day] ---- November 13 - November 15 - October 14 - December 14 -- listing of all days ko:11월 14일 ms:14 November ja:11月14日 simple:November 14 th:14 พฤศจิกายน

1774

1774 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar).

Events


- January 21 - Mustafa III, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his brother Abd-ul-Hamid I.
- May 10 - Louis XVI becomes King of France.
- June 2 - Intolerable Acts: The Quartering Act, requiring American colonists to let British soldiers into their homes, is reenacted.
- June 11 - Jews in Algier escape the attack of the Spanish army.
- July 21 - Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774: Russia and the Ottoman Empire sign the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji ending six years of war. The treaty does give Russia the right to intervene in Ottoman politics to protect its Christian subjects.
- September 5 - First Continental Congress assembles in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- October 21 - First display of the word "Liberty" on a flag, raised by colonists in Taunton, Massachusetts and which was in defiance of British rule in Colonial America.
- The British pass the Quebec Act setting out rules of governance for the colony of Quebec in British North America.

Births


- February 11 - Hans Jarta, Swedish political activist and administrator (d. 1847)
- February 24 - Prince Adolphus, 1st Duke of Cambridge (d. 1850)
- March 16 - Captain Matthew Flinders, English explorer (d. 1814)
- July 20 - Auguste Marmont, French marshal (d. 1852)
- August 12 - Robert Southey, English poet and biographer (d. 1843)
- September 5 - Caspar David Friedrich, German artist (d. 1840)

Deaths


- January 21 - Mustafa III, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1717)
- February 4 - Charles Marie de La Condamine, French mathematician and geographer (b. 1701)
- April 4 - Oliver Goldsmith, English writer (b. 1730)
- May 4 - Anthony Ulrich II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b. 1714)
- May 10 - King Louis XV of France (b. 1710)
- May 30 - Alexander Pope English poet (b. 1668)
- July 1 - Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland, English statesman (b. 1705)
- July 11 - Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet, Irish-born New York pioneer
- July 14 - James O'Hara, 2nd Baron Tyrawley and Kilmaine, British field marshal (b. 1682)
- August 11 - Tiphaigne de la Roche, French writer (b. 1722)
- August 14 - Johann Jakob Reiske, German scholar and physician (b. 1716)
- August 25 - Niccolò Jommelli, Italian composer (b. 1714)
- September 22 - Pope Clement XIV (b. 1705)
- September 25 - John Bradstreet, Canadian-born soldier (b. 1714)
- October 23 - Michel Benoist, French Jesuit missionary and scientist (b. 1715)
- November 22 - Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, British general and statesman (b. 1725)
- December 2 - Johann Friedrich Agricola, German composer (b. 1720)
- December 16 - François Quesnay, French economist (b. 1694) Category:1774 ko:1774년 ms:1774 simple:1774

24 January

January 24 is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 341 days remaining (342 in leap years).

Events


- 41 - Roman Emperor Gaius Caesar (Caligula), known for his eccentricity and cruel despotism, was assassinated by his disgruntled Praetorian Guards.
- 1438 - Pope Eugenius IV was suspended by the Council of Basel.
- 1458 - Matthias I Corvinus becomes king of Hungary.
- 1624 - Alfonso Mendez, appointed by Pope Gregory XV as Prelate of Ethiopia, arrives at Massawa from Goa.
- 1679 - King Charles II of England disbands Parliament.
- 1742 - Charles VII Albert becomes Holy Roman Emperor.
- 1848 - California gold rush: James W. Marshall finds gold at Sutter's Mill near Sacramento.
- 1888 - Jacob L. Wortman patents the typewriter ribbon.
- 1908 - Robert Baden-Powell begins the Boy Scout movement.
- 1916 - In Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad, the Supreme Court of the United States declares the federal income tax constitutional.
- 1918 - A decree of the Council of People's Commissars, introducing the Gregorian calendar in Russia since February 1, issued
- 1922 - Christian K. Nelson patents the Eskimo Pie.
- 1924 - St. Petersburg, Russia is renamed Leningrad.
- 1927 - Young director Alfred Hitchcock released his first film, The Pleasure Garden, in England.
- 1936 - Albert Sarraut becomes Prime Minister of France
- 1943 - World War II: Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill conclude a conference in Casablanca.
- 1945 - Auschwitz, Concentration Camp in Poland is Liberated by Soviet Troops.
- 1952 - Vincent Massey sworn in as first Canada-born Governor-General of Canada.
- 1962 - Brian Epstein signs to manage The Beatles.
- 1966 - An Air India Boeing 707 jet crashes on Mont Blanc, on the border between France and Italy, killing 117
- 1972 - Shoichi Yokoi, a Japanese soldier, is discovered on Guam.
- 1982 - Super Bowl XVI: San Francisco 49ers defeat the Cincinnati Bengals, 26-21 in the first Super Bowl played north of the Mason-Dixon line
- 1984 - The first Apple Macintosh goes on sale.
- 1986 - Voyager 2 passes within 50,679 miles of Uranus.
- 1987 - In Lebanon, gunmen kidnap Alann Steen, Jesse Turner, Robert Polhill and Mitheleshwar Singh.
- 1989 - Serial killer Ted Bundy is executed in Florida's electric chair.
- 1995 - The prosecution delivers its opening statement in the O. J. Simpson murder trial.
- 1996 - Polish Premier Jozef Oleksy resigns amid charge he spied for Moscow.
- 2001 - The last two of the Texas 7 are taken into custody in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
- 2002 - Enron Congressional hearings begin.
- 2002 - Terrorist suspect John Walker Lindh's hearing begins.
- 2002 - The United States Department of Justice indicts Robert Nicholas Angleton for conspiring to murder his wife, Doris Angleton, along with his brother Roger.
- 2003 - The United States Department of Homeland Security officially begins operation.

Births


- 76 - Hadrian, Roman Emperor (d. 138)
- 1287 - Richard Aungerville, English bishop and writer (d. 1345)
- 1444 - Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan (d. 1476)
- 1540 - Edmund Campion, English Jesuit (d. 1581)
- 1638 - Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset, English poet and courtier (d. 1706)
- 1670 - William Congreve, English playwright (d. 1729)
- 1674 - Thomas Tanner, English bishop and antiquarian (d. 1735)
- 1679 - Christian Wolff, German philosopher (d. 1754)
- 1705 - Farinelli, Italian castrato (d. 1782)
- 1712 - King Frederick II of Prussia (d. 1786)
- 1724 - Frances Brooke, English writer (d. 1789)
- 1732 - Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, French playwright (d. 1799)
- 1752 - Muzio Clementi, Italian composer (d. 1832)
- 1776 - E.T.A. Hoffmann, German writer, composer, and painter (d. 1822)
- 1862 - Edith Wharton, American writer (d. 1937)
- 1888 - Vicki Baum, Austrian writer (d. 1960)
- 1888 - Ernst Heinkel, German aircraft designer (d. 1958)
- 1895 - Eugen Roth, German writer (d. 1976)
- 1902 - E. A. Speiser, American Bible scholar (d. 1965)
- 1909 - Martin Lings, English Islamic scholar (d. 2005)
- 1913 - Norman Dello Joio, American composer
- 1915 - Robert Motherwell, American painter (d. 1991)
- 1916 - Jack Brickhouse, American sports broadcaster (d. 1998)
- 1917 - Ernest Borgnine, American actor
- 1918 - Oral Roberts, American evangelist
- 1925 - Maria Tallchief, American ballerina
- 1928 - Desmond Morris, British anthropologist and writer
- 1934 - Stanisław Grochowiak, Polish poet and dramatist (d. 1976)
- 1936 - Doug Kershaw, American musician
- 1939 - Ray Stevens, American musician
- 1941 - Neil Diamond, American singer
- 1941 - Aaron Neville, American singer
- 1943 - Sharon Tate, American actress (d. 1969)
- 1944 - Klaus Nomi, German singer (d. 1983)
- 1946 - Michael Ontkean, Canadian actor
- 1947 - Warren Zevon, American musician and songwriter (d. 2003)
- 1949 - John Belushi, American actor (d. 1982)
- 1951 - Yakov Smirnoff, Russian comedian
- 1958 - Jools Holland, British musician
- 1959 - Nastassja Kinski, German-born actress
- 1959 - Vic Reeves, English comedian
- 1963 - Arnold Vanderlyde, Dutch boxer
- 1968 - Mary Lou Retton, American gymnast
- 1970 - Matthew Lillard, American actor
- 1979 - Tatyana Ali, American actress
- 1986 - Mischa Barton, English-born actress
- 1986 - Ricky Ullman, American actor

Deaths


- 41 - Caligula, Emperor of Rome (assassinated) (b. 12)
- 772 - Pope Stephen IV (b. 720)
- 1125 - King David IV of Georgia (b. 1073)
- 1366 - King Alfonso IV of Aragon (b. 1299)
- 1376 - Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel, English military leader
- 1473 - Conrad Paumann, German composer
- 1595 - Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria (b. 1529)
- 1626 - Samuel Argall, English adventurer and naval officer (b. 1580)
- 1639 - Georg Jenatsch, Swiss politician (b. 1596)
- 1666 - Johann Andreas Herbst, German composer (b. 1588)
- 1709 - George Rooke, English admiral (b. 1650)
- 1856 - Rabbi Yechezkel of Kuzmir, Polish Hasidic leader (b. 1775)
- 1877 - Johann Christian Poggendorff, German physicist (b. 1796)
- 1882 - Levi Boone, Mayor of Chicago (b. 1808)
- 1883 - Friedrich von Flotow, German composer (b. 1812)
- 1920 - Amedeo Modigliani, Italian painter and sculptor (b. 1884)
- 1924 - Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (b. 1894)
- 1932 - Sir Alfred Yarrow, English shipbuilder (b. 1842)
- 1939 - Maximilian Bircher-Benner, Swiss physician and nutritionist (b. 1867)
- 1943 - John Burns, English politician (b. 1858)
- 1955 - Ira Hayes, American World War II hero (b. 1923)
- 1960 - Edwin Fischer, Swiss pianist and conductor (b. 1886)
- 1961 - Alfred Carlton Gilbert, American swimmer and inventor (b. 1884)
- 1965 - Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (b. 1874)
- 1971 - Bill W., American co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous (b. 1895)
- 1973 - J. Carrol Naish, American actor (b. 1897)
- 1975 - Larry Fine, American actor and comedian (b. 1902)
- 1983 - George Cukor, American film director (b. 1899)
- 1986 - L. Ron Hubbard, American writer and founder of Scientology (b. 1911)
- 1986 - Flo Hyman, American volleyball player (b. 1954)
- 1986 - Gordon MacRae, American actor and singer (b. 1921)
- 1986 - Vincente Minnelli, American film director (b. 1903)
- 1989 - Ted Bundy, American serial killer (executed) (b. 1946)
- 1990 - Madge Bellamy, American actress (b. 1899)
- 1991 - John M. Kelly, Irish politician and academic (b. 1931)
- 1993 - Thurgood Marshall, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. 1908)
- 1998 - Walter D. Edmonds, American author (b. 1903)
- 2003 - Gianni Agnelli, Italian auto executive (b. 1921)
- 2004 - Leônidas da Silva, Brazilian footballer (b. 1913)
- 2005 - June Bronhill, Australian singer (b. 1929)
- 2005 - Vladimir Savchenko, Ukrainian writer (b. 1933)
- 2005 - Chalkie White, English rugby coach (b. 1929)

Holidays and observances


- Roman Empire - first day of the Sementivae in honor of Ceres and Terra
- Roman Catholic Church - Feasts of St. Francis de Sales and Our Lady of Peace

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/24 BBC: On This Day] ---- See Also: January 23 - January 25 - December 24 - February 24 — listing of all days ko:1월 24일 ms:24 Januari ja:1月24日 simple:January 24 th:24 มกราคม

1851

1851 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar).

Events


- January 23 - The flip of a coin determines whether a new city in Oregon is named after Boston, Massachusetts, or Portland, Maine, with Portland winning.
- March 1 - Victor Hugo gives speech at the French national assembly and uses the phrase United States of Europe several times
- March 27 - First reported case of white men seeing Yosemite Valley.
- March 30 - A population census was taken of all people living in the United Kingdom.
- May 1 - The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations in the Crystal Palace, Hyde Park, London is opened by Queen Victoria. It runs until October 18.
- May 15 - Rama IV is crowed King of Thailand.
- July - The immortal game, a famous chess game, is played.
- July 1 - Colony of Victoria separates from New South Wales.
- July 1 - Serial poisoner Helene Jegado is arrested in Rennes, France
- July 29 - Annibale de Gasparis, in Naples, Italy discovers asteroid 15 Eunomia.
- August 5 - Mount Pelee erupts and kills 30 people.
- August 22 - The yacht America wins the first America's Cup race.
- September 15 - Saint Joseph's University is founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- September 18 - The New York Times is founded.
- October - Reuters news service founded.
- October 18 - The Great Exhibition in London is closed.
- October 24 - Ariel and Umbriel, moons of Uranus, discovered by William Lassell.
- November 13 - The Denny Party lands at Alki Point, the first settlers of what will become Seattle, Washington.
- November 14 - Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick is published in the U.S. by Harper & Brothers, New York - after it was first published on October 18, by Richard Bentley, London.
- December 2 - Louis Napoleon, president of France, dissolves French National Assembly and declares a new constitution to extend his term. Later he declares himself as an emperor Napoleon III. End of the Second Republic.
- December 6 - Trial of Helene Jegado begins; she is eventually sentenced to death and executed in a guillotine.
- December 9 - The first YMCA in North America is established in Montreal, Quebec.
- December 24 - The Library of Congress burns.
- December 26-27 - Royal Navy warship bombards Lagos island; Oba Kosoko is wounded and flees to Epe.
- December 29 - The first YMCA opens, in Boston, Massachusetts.

Undated


- Dictator Rosas overthrown in Brazil. New government recognizes independent Paraguay. New Blanco government in Uruguay
- Florida State University is founded.
- Gold discovered in Australia.
- St. Paul's College, Hong Kong is founded.

Births


- January 17 - A. B. Frost, American illustrator (d. 1928)
- January 19 - Jacobus Kapteyn, Dutch astronomer (d. 1922)
- February 8 - Kate Chopin, American writer (d. 1904)
- March 19 - William Henry Stark, Business Leader (d. 1936)
- March 27 - Vincent d'Indy, French composer and teacher (d. 1931)
- March 28 - Bernardino Machado, Portuguese President (d. 1944)
- April 21 - Charles Barrois, French geologist (d. 1939)
- May 6 - Aristide Bruant, French cabaret singer and comedian (d. 1925)
- May 20 - Emil Berliner, telephone and recording pioneer (d. 1929)
- May 21 - Léon Bourgeois, French statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1925)
- August 14 - Doc Holliday, American gambler and gunfighter (d. 1887)
- September 7 - David King Udall, American politician (d. 1938)
- October 2 - Ferdinand Foch, French commander of allied forces in World War I (d. 1929)
- Robert Abbe, American surgeon (d. 1928)
- Tom Morris, Jr., Scottish golfer (d. 1875)

Deaths


- January 10 - Karl Freiherr von Müffling, Prussian field marshal (b. 1775)
- January 27 - John James Audubon, French-American naturalist and illustrator (b. 1785)
- January 31 - David Spangler Kaufman, Congressman from Texas (b. 1813)
- February 1 - Mary Shelley, English author (b. 1797)
- February 18 - Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi, German mathematician (b. 1804)
- March 9 - Hans Christian Ørsted, Danish scientist (b. 1777)
- September 10 - Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, American educator (b. 1787)
- September 11 - Sylvester Graham, American nutritionist and inventor (b. 1794)
- September 14 - James Fenimore Cooper, American writer (b. 1789)
- October 4 - Manuel de Godoy, Spanish statesman (b. 1767)
- November 26 - Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult, French marshal (b. 1769)
- December 19 - Joseph Mallord William Turner, English artist (b. 1775) ko:1851년 ms:1851 simple:1851 th:พ.ศ. 2394

Opera

's Opéra, Paris, opened 1875]] Opera refers to a dramatic art form, originating in Europe, in which the emotional content is conveyed to the audience as much through music, both vocal and instrumental as it is through the lyrics. From the beginning of the form about 1600, there has been contention whether the music is paramount, or the words, a theme that Richard Strauss took up in his final opera, Capriccio (1942). By contrast, in musical theater an actor's dramatic performance is primary, and the music plays a lesser role. Comparable art forms from various parts of the world are usually prefaced with an adjective indicating the region; examples include Chinese opera and Beijing opera. The drama is presented using the primary elements of theatre such as scenery, costumes, and acting. However, the words of the opera, or libretto, are sung rather than spoken. The singers are accompanied by a musical ensemble ranging from a small instrumental ensemble to a full symphonic orchestra. Besides words and music, opera draws from many other art forms. The visual arts, such as painting, are employed to create the visual spectacle on the stage, which is considered an important part of the performance, in the Baroque "English opera" or Restoration spectacular even the dominant aspect of it. Finally, dancing is often part of an opera performance, particularly in France. Singers and the roles they play are classified according to their vocal ranges. A particular singer's classifications change drastically over his or her lifetime, rarely reaching vocal maturity until the third decade, and sometimes not until middle age. Male singers are classified as bass, bass-baritone, baritone, tenor and countertenor. Female singers are classified, as contralto, mezzo-soprano and soprano. Each of these classifications has subcategories, such as lyric soprano, coloratura, soubrette, spinto, and dramatic soprano, which associate the singer's voice with the roles most suitable to the vocal timbre and quality and its range, or tessitura. The German Fach system is an especially organized system of classification. Traditional opera consists of two modes of singing: recitative, the dialogue and plot-driving passages often sung in a non-melodic style characteristic of opera, and aria, during which the movement of the plot often pauses, with the music becoming more melodic in character and the singer focusing on one or more topics or emotional affects. Short melodic or semi-melodic passages occurring in the midst of what is otherwise recitative are also referred to as arioso; in the late 19th century, many composers abolished much of the distinction between recitative and aria, writing opera which is essentially presented in a restlessly melodic arioso style throughout. All types of singing in opera are accompanied by musical instruments, though until the late 18th century generally, and persisting until even later in some regions, recitative was accompanied by only the continuo group (harpsichord and 'cello or bassoon). During the period when composers often used both methods of recitative accompaniment in the same opera, the continuo-only practice was referred to as "secco" (dry) recitative, while orchestral-accompanied recitative was called "accompagnato" or "stromentato." Some genres of opera use spoken dialogue accompanied or unaccompanied by an orchestra rather than recitative. Such dialogue also is the essential feature of melodrama, in its original 19th century sense. Such melodrama grew partly from the practice that seems to have originated in the 16th century of writing incidental music to stage plays, either those already existing or newly composed. The most familiar example of such to most readers will probably be Mendelssohn's music for A Midsummer Night's Dream; this work is almost certainly the most frequently performed of the genre in a context separate from its accompanying play, and has been transcribed for nearly all imaginable chamber combinations, as well as concert band. The pit orchestra underscoring the dramatic action in 19th century melodrama survives in today's tradition of film scores, and spectacular films incorporating serious music can be considered the direct heirs of melodrama. Perhaps such film scores can in some sense even be considered both the heirs and the competitors of grand opera.

History

Origins

The word opera means simply "works" in Latin, the plural of opus suggesting that it combines the arts of solo & choral singing, declamation, and dancing in a staged spectacle. The earliest work considered an opera in the currently used sense of the word dates from around 1597. It is Dafne, (now lost) written by Jacopo Peri largely under the inspiration of an elite circle of literate Florentine humanists who gathered as the "Camerata". Significantly Dafne was an attempt to revive the classical Greek drama, part of the wider revival of antiquity characteristic of the Renaissance. In this case, members of the Camerata felt certain that the "chorus" parts of Greek dramas had been originally sung, and possibly even the entire text of all roles; opera was thus conceived as a way of "restoring" this situation. A later work by Peri, Euridice, dating from 1600, is the first opera score to have survived to the present day. Peri's works, however, did not arise out of a creative vacuum in the area of sung drama. An underlying prerequisite for the creation of opera proper was the practice of monody. Monody is the solo singing/setting of a dramatically conceived melody, designed to express the emotional content of the text it carries, which is accompanied by a relatively simple sequence of chords rather than other polyphonic parts. Italian composers began composing in this style late in the 16th century, and it grew in part from the long-standing practise of performing polyphonic madrigals with one singer accompanied by an instrumental rendition of the other parts, as well as the rising popularity of more popular, more homophonic vocal genres such as the frottola and the villanella. In these latter two genres, the increasing tendency was toward a more homophonic texture, with the top part featuring an elaborate, active melody, and the lower ones (usually these was three-part compositions, as opposed to the four-or-more-part madrigal) a less active supporting structure. From this, it was only a small step to fully-fledged monody. All such works tended to set humanist poetry of a type that attempted to imitate Petrarch and his Trecento followers, another element of the period's tendency toward a desire for restoration of principles it associated with a mixed-up notion of antiquity. The solo madrigal, frottola, villanella and their kin featured prominently in semi-dramatic spectacles that were funded in the last seventy years of the 16th century by the opulent and increasingly secular courts of Italy's city-states. Such spectacles, called intermedi, were usually staged to commemorate significant state events; weddings, military victories, and the like, and alternated in performance with the acts of plays. Like the later opera, an intermedi featured the aforementioned solo singing, but also madrigals performed in their typical multi-voice texture, and dancing accompanied by the present instrumentalists. The intermedi tended not to tell a story as such, although they occasionally did, but nearly always focused on some particular element of human emotion or experience, expressed through mythological allegory. Another popular court entertainment at this time was the "madrigal drama," later also called "madrigal opera" by musicologists familiar with the later genre. This, as can probably be guessed, consisted of a series of madrigals strung together to suggest a dramatic narrative. In addition to opera in Italy, developing concurrently in the late 16th-early 17th centuries were the English masque and the French ballet au court, which were similar to the Italian intermedi in many respects. In both cases, the main difference apart from local musical style was a greater degree of audience (at this time, of course, the audience consisted only of invited nobles and courtiers) participation in the form of staged or processional dances. The English masque also featured a culminating "revel," in which the performers drifted into and cavorted with the audience. Opera was imported into both countries before the middle of the 17th century, where it fused with the local incipient genres. This led to the dominance of ballet in opera of the French tradition, while the thriving English tradition of incidental music, as well as the totalitarian Cromwell regime at mid-century, made it difficult for Italian-style opera to take hold there. In earlier times, music had been part of medieval mystery plays, with the composer of these best-known to modern audiences being Hildegard of Bingen. Whether these are to be regarded as possible progenitors of opera is highly debatable. At the time of their original performance, they were easily regarded as liturgical accretions. Such accretions to the generally prescribed system of chants were quite common, and the liturgical ceremony was itself dramatic to a degree, often featuring elaborate processions, to which the actions associated with liturgical drama may have been considered merely a minor addition. A new, 17th century form of religious drama, the oratorio did arise shortly after the advent of opera, though it owes at least as much to the (originally secular) non-dramatic recititive-aria form of the cantata.

Baroque opera

Opera did not remain confined to court audiences for long; in 1637 the idea of a "season" (Carnival) of publicly-attended operas supported by ticket sales emerged in Venice. Influential 17th century composers of opera included Francesco Cavalli and Claudio Monteverdi whose Orfeo (1607) is the earliest opera still performed today. Monteverdi's later Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria (1640) is also seen as a very important work of early opera. In these early Baroque operas, broad comedy was blended with tragic elements in a mix that jarred some educated sensibilities, sparking the first of opera's many reform movements, sponsored by Venice's Arcadian Academy (not a physical school, but rather a group of like-minded aristocrats and pedants), but which came to be associated with the poet Pietro Trapassi, called Metastasio, whose librettos helped crystallize so-called opera seria's moralizing tone. Once the Metastasian ideal had been firmly established, comedy in Baroque-era opera was reserved for what came to be called opera buffa. Before such elements were forced out of opera seria, many librettos had featured a separately unfolding comic plot as sort of an "opera-within-an-opera." One reason for this was an attempt to attract members of the growing merchant class, newly wealthy, but still less cultured than the nobility, to the public opera houses. These separate plots were almost immediately resurrected in a separately developing tradition that partly derived from the commedia dell'arte, (as indeed, such plots had always been) a long-flourishing improvisitory stage tradition of Italy. Just as intermedi had once been performed in-between the acts of stage plays, operas in the new comic genre of "intermezzi", which developed largely in Naples in the 1710s and '20s, were initially staged during the intermissions of opera seria. They became so popular, however, that they were soon being offered as separate productions. Italian opera set the Baroque standard. Italian libretti were the norm, even when a German composer like Handel found himself writing for London audiences. Italian libretti remained dominant in the classical period as well, for example in the operas of Mozart, who wrote in Vienna near the century's close.

Bel canto and Italian nationalism

The bel canto opera movement flourished in the early 19th century and is exemplified by the operas of Rossini, Bellini, and Donizetti. Literally "beautiful singing", bel canto opera derives from the Italian stylistic singing school of the same name. Bel canto lines are typically florid and intricate, requiring supreme agility and pitch control. Following the bel canto era, a more direct, forceful style was rapidly popularized by Giuseppe Verdi, beginning with his biblical opera Nabucco. Verdi's writing demanded vocal endurance and strength more than the agility required in bel canto; his works were also more demanding dramatically. Verdi's operas resonated with the growing spirit of Italian nationalism in the post-Napoleonic era, and he quickly became an icon of the nationalist movement (although his own politics were perhaps not quite so radical).

French opera

In rivalry with imported Italian opera productions, a separate French tradition, sung in the French, was founded by Italian Jean-Baptiste Lully. Lully arrived at court as a dancer and companion for young Louis XIV, that he might practice his Latin by conversing with a native speaker. Despite his foreign origin, he established an Academy of Music and monopolized French opera from 1672; this is rendered ironic by the later struggle for supremecy between the French and Italian operatic styles that raged in the former country's press for over a century. Lully's overtures, fluid and disciplined recitatives, danced interludes, divertissements and orchestral entr'actes between scenes, set a pattern that Gluck struggled to "reform" almost a century later. The text was as important as the music: royal propaganda was expressed in elaborate allegories, generally with affirmatory endings. Opera in France has continued to include ballet interludes and feature elaborate scenic machinery. Baroque French opera, elaborated by Rameau, (though Rameau was opposed by many French critics of his own day for altering any of Lully's practises; others, on the other hand, saw him as a champion of French sensibilities against the rising popularity of Italian opera in the country) was in some sense simplified by the reforms associated with Gluck (Alceste and Orfee) in the 1760s. Gluck composed arias and choruses that moved the plot forward, rather than being nearly irrelevant as had by this time become common. Choruses, indeed, were only just now coming back into opera of any style after a long hiatus. While the methods of Gluck were partially derived from those of the more progressive Italians (particularly in comic operas such as Pergolesi's La Serva Padrona, which had been influential in France since its performance there in 1752), he also desired to strip opera from some Italian characteristics he considered superfluous and confusing. In this effort, he took many of his cues from such French tendencies as more syllabic text-setting, use of the chorus (which the French had at least kept tepidly alive while it had been almost completely dropped in Italy) and less adherence to the standard da capo aria form. Because Gluck combined Italian and French methods of undermining opera seria, his "reform" can be seen as a (to some degree conscious) uniting of those styles, his response to an ever-continuing controversy. Later in the century and early in the first half of the 18th, French opera was influenced by the bel canto of Rossini and other Italians (though sung in French). This international synthesis of styles leads directly into 19th century French "Grand Opera," the most sophisticated operatic genre of the 19th century until Wagner.

Other Comic Styles

French opera with spoken dialogue is referred to as opéra comique, irrespective of its subject matter. German opera of this type is called Singspiel. Depending on the weight of its subject matter, opera comique shades into operetta, which arose as a wildly popular form of entertainment in the second half of the 19th century. Along with the music-hall potpourri called vaudeville, this gave rise to the 20th century genre of musical comedy, perfected in New York and London between the wars.

Romantic opera and French grand opera

The synthesis of elements that is French grand opéra first appeared in Rossini's Guillaume Tell (1829) and Meyerbeer's Robert le Diable (1831). Grand opera is usually in five acts and includes dance interludes for complete ballet company. While this genre reached its apotheosis in Hector Berlioz's masterpiece Les Troyens, the most famous opera in the French grand opera tradition may be Gounod's Faust, particularly in the United States where it was a favorite at the Met for the better half of the 20th century. By mid-century, opera practically meant Grand Opera; the works of Verdi, supposedly a quintessential Italian composer, owe much to this genre, as do those of Wagner, who was both influenced and made acceptable by the sheer extravagance of scale involved in such productions. The similarly extravagant production, including ballet set pieces, of such Russian works as Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin can probably be traced back to the grand opera tradition as well.

German-language opera

Before the late 18th century, German-language opera was largely a copy of the Italian, although in early-century works of such composers as Reinhard Keiser, the German-speakers achieved a seriousness of tone and grandeur of scale rarely approached in Italy. The above-mentioned singspiel also flourished at this time, being descended from the school dramas with interpolated songs that the students in Lutheran church-schools often produced. Mozart's German Singspiel Die Zauberflöte (1791) stands at the head of a German opera tradition that was developed in the 19th century by Beethoven (who wrote only one, which actually stands more in the French Revolutionary "rescue opera" tradition of Balfe and Gretry), Heinrich Marschner, Weber (composer of the great Der Freischütz, containing elements of both singspiel and melodrama, and a major influence on several Romantic composers) and eventually Wagner. Before Wagner, there had been little all-sung German language opera of any account for several decades. Though very much inspired by the works of Weber, Wagner pioneered a through-composed style, in which recitative and aria blend into one another and are constantly accompanied by the orchestra; this results in a sort of endless melody, which is perpetuated by the avoidance of any clear cadence until moments of great articulation. Wagner also made copious use of the leitmotif (Weber had used a similar device earlier, and was hardly the first to do so; Wagner's, however, are a main building-block of his scores, rather than mere recurring motives), a dramatic device which associates a musical line with each character or idea in the story.

Other national operas

Spain also produced its own distinctive form of opera, known as zarzuela, which had two separate flowerings: one in the 17th century, and another beginning in the mid-19th century. During the 18th century, Italian opera was immensely popular in Spain, supplanting the native form. Just as it was in Spain, Italian opera was highly popular in Russia. In the 19th century, Russian composers also began to write important operas based on nationalist themes, national literature, and folk tales, beginning with Mikhail Glinka (e.g. Ruslan and Lyudmila) and followed by Alexander Borodin (Prince Igor), Modest Mussorgsky (Boris Godunov, Khovanshchina), Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (Sadko), and Pyotr Tchaikovsky (Eugene Onegin). These developments mirrored the growth of Russian nationalism across the artistic spectrum, in part as a function of the more general Slavophilism movement. Czech composers also developed a thriving national opera movement of their own in the 19th century. Antonín Dvořák, most famous for Rusalka, wrote 13 operas; Bedřich Smetana wrote eight (The Bartered Bride being the most famous); and Leoš Janáček wrote ten, including Jenůfa, The Cunning Little Vixen, and Katyá Kabanová. The key figure of Hungarian national opera in the 19th century was Ferenc Erkel, mostly dealing with historical themes. Among his most often performed operas are Hunyadi László and Bánk bán.

After Wagner: verismo and modernism

Ferenc Erkel (1923).]] After Wagner, all opera for many decades laboured in his gigantic shadow. Nearly all composers felt they must react or respond to him in some way, and opera in the early 20th century took several paths. One fairly short-lived path was manifested in the sentimental "realistic" melodramas of verismo operas, a style introduced by Pietro Mascagni's Cavalleria Rusticana, Ruggiero Leoncavallo's Pagliacci and such popular operas of Giacomo Puccini as La Boheme and Tosca. Another reaction to Wagner's mythic medievalizing can be seen in the psychological intensity and social commentary of Richard Strauss (e.g. Salome, Elektra). Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, opera has enjoyed tremendous appeal and has been performed around the world. Despite this, seemingly but a handful of modern operas have joined the standard repertory: Berg's Wozzeck, Prokofiev's Love for Three Oranges, Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress, Benjamin Britten's Peter Grimes, Glass's Einstein on the Beach and Poulenc's Dialogues of the Carmelites are among these.

Contemporary trends

Sociology of opera

All art forms have a social context, and opera likewise cannot exist in a vacuum. A string quartet exists in manuscript and printed score, and a truly musical person, playing one part, or seated at a keyboard, can hear the intent of the music, but the printed score for an opera must be realized in a production, even a slender one, for its impact. Thus there exists a "sociology of opera", which would be as interesting to general social historians (who are unaware of it, on the whole) as it is to opera buffs. Operas have always been written with a specific audience in mind, whether more aristocratic or more popular, expressing their local prejudices and expectations, and even taking account of the vocal character of certain singers' voices. Operas have also been affected behind the scenes, by opera house politics and sometimes government censors. But, the idea that there is a canon of operas, an opera repertory which is reflected in a "List of famous operas," for example, is a late entry in the sociology of opera. Indeed, for most of opera's history, only new works were acceptable to audiences; an opera house that mounted productions of twenty year-old operas (or certainly any older) would with but few exceptions have been equivalent to a modern movie house showing similarly outdated films.

Development of an opera audience

text is needed here

Development of the idea of "opera repertory"

During the lifetimes of composers up to Meyerbeer there was no "repertory" of operas. Composers like Bellini and Donizetti were expected to come up with fresh material, season after season, even if they had to cannibalize their own works for material that had not been offered to that city's audience. (Compare pastiche). One common strategy was to imitate the work of other composers, especially when such work had achieved considerable success. The idea of an opera repertory originated with Richard Wagner, in his Festspielhaus in Bayreuth. Wikipedia's list of famous operas is a good guide to the standard operatic repertory reflected in contemporary productions and recordings.

Media

See also

list of famous operas
- List of opera houses
- List of notable opera companies
- List of opera composers
- List of opera singers' classifications
- List of movies based on classical operas
- List of operas by Handel
- List of operas by Mozart
- Genres
  - Folk opera
  - Opera seria
  - Opera buffa
  - Operetta
  - Rock opera
  - Operatic pop
  - Rap opera
  - Metal opera
  - Musical theater
  - Singspiel
  - Zarzuela
  - Grand Opera
  - Opéra comique
  - Rescue opera
  - Science-fiction operas
  - Opera electronica
  - Wagnerian rock
- From non-European regions:
  - Chinese opera
  - Beijing opera

Further reading


- DiGaetani, John Louis, An Invitation to the Opera (ISBN 0-385-26339-2)
- Andersen, H. C., Opera and Evil Kings (ISBN 0-325-25779-7)

External links


- [http://opera.stanford.edu/main.html OperaGlass, a resource at Stanford University]
- [http://www.operabase.com/ Operabase.com, a database of current, past and upcoming singers and productions]
- [http://www.musicomh.com/opera/index.htm musicOMH.com, reviewing UK opera productions and recordings] Category:Arts Opera Category:Musical forms ja:オペラ ko:오페라 simple:Opera th:อุปรากร

Opera seria