Qara Hülëgü (d. 1252) was head of the ulus of the Chagatai Khanate (1242 - 1246, 1252). He was the son of Mö'etüken, and a grandson of Chagatai Khan
Qara Hülëgü was nominated by Chagatai Khan, as well as Ögedei Khan, to become khan. In order to ensure his power, however, the Grand Khan Güyük Khan deposed him in 1246 and replaced him with one of Qara Hülëgü's uncles, Yesü Möngke. However, following the ascension of Güyük's successor, Möngke Khan, Qara Hülëgü gained the Great Khan's favor by supporting him in his purges of the family of Ögedei Khan. He was restored to his position of Chagatai Khan, but died before returning to his realm. He was succeeded by his son Mubarak Shah.
Category:1252 deathsCategory:Chagatai Khans
Chagatai Khan (alternative spellings Chagata, Chugta, Chagta, Djagatai, Jagatai), a son of Genghis Khan (1206—1227), controlled the part of the Mongol Empire which extended from the Ili river (eastern Kazakhstan) and Kashgaria (western Tarim Basin) to Transoxiana. He inherited most of what are now the five Central Asian states and northern Iran after the death of his father which he ruled until his death in 1242. The Empire later came to be known as the Chagatai Khanate, part of the Mongol Empire. These territories would later become the Mongol-Turkish states.
By 1369, Tamerlane would conquer the Chagatai Khanate in his attempt to reconstruct the Mongol Empire.
Genghis Khan's empire was inherited by his third son, Ögedei, the designated Great Khan who personally controlled the lands east of Lake Balkash as far as Mongolia. Tolui, the youngest, the keeper of the hearth, was accorded the northern Mongolianhomeland. Chagatai, the second son received Kashgaria, with his capital at Almalyq (Kulja) in the modern Sinkiang area of western China, and Transoxania between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers in modern Uzbekistan. Apart from problems of lineage and inheritance, the Mongol Empire was endangered by the great cultural and ethnic divide between the Mongols themselves and their mostly IslamicTurkic subjects.
When Ögedei died before achieving his dream of conquering all of China, there was a smooth transition to his son Güyük (1241) overseen by Ögedei's wife Töregene who had assumed the regency for the five years following Ögedei's death. It had to be ratified in a quriltai, which was duly celebrated but without the presence of Batu, the independent-minded khan of the Golden Horde. After Güyük's death, Batu sent Berke, who maneuvered with Tolui's widow, and in the next quriltai (1253), the Ögedite line was passed over for Möngke, Tolui's son, who was said to be favourable to Nestorian Christianity. The Ögedites did not immediately go into opposition but they retained their Mongolian domains.
The Chagatai Khanate after Chagatai
Chagatai died shortly after Ögedei. The Chagataites, who had previously accepted Guyuk, consented to the succession to Möngke as Great Khan with some reluctance, but on the whole the Mongol Empire did not disgregate. Möngke died during his campaign against Song China. Kubai (Qubilai) succeeded him as Great Khan in 1260, but faced a succession crisis. His younger brother, Arigboka (Arigboqa), claimed the great khanate. Kublai brought him to heel with the help of Alghu, the Chagatai Khan. But Alghu began to act independently of Kublai.
Alghu was succeeded as khan by Baraq (Barak), based in Transoxiana. Baraq was at odds with Abaqa, the Ilkhan or Lesser Khan who ruled in Persia. The Ögedite Kaidu (Qaidu) saw in these troubles an opportunity to re-assert the imperial claim of his own line. He made an alliance with the Ilkhanids to make war on Baraq, who attacked first but was defeated and became a vassal of Kaidu. The wars between Baraq and Persia continued until Baraq was finally defeated and killed by Abaqa.
Kaidu joined forces with the Chagatai prince and pretender Duwa, who recognized the suzerainty of Kaidu, and together they invaded the Tarim, whose Uigur inhabitants had remained loyal to the line of Genghis (Jenghiz), now represented by Kublai, who in 1279 had conquered China. This was tantamount to a declaration of war and Kublai had to repel the attack mounted by Kaidu and Duwa. The results of these wars was the independence of the Chagatai Khanate, as well as the separation of the Ilkhanate from Mongolia.
When Kublai Khan died in 1294, the former Mongol Empire was divided into independent khanates: Kublai's imperial state continued in Mongolia and China; the Golden Horde ruled the western steppes; Ilkhanid Persia dominated the Middle East; and the Chagatai Khanate covered Central Asia. The Golden Horde contested Azerbaijan with Ilkhanid Persia, but was at peace with the Chaghataites, whose independence it had actively encouraged. Ilkhanid Persia faced growing Mameluke power in Syria, following the death of Baraq was no longer threatened from Transoxiana. Persia and the Golden Horde were Islamic, as were the Chagatai domains in Transoxiana and Uiguria. But the Chagatai Mongols of the steppes clung tenacioulsy to their traditional customs. The Chagatai Khanate was turbulent and unsafe because of the efforts of Kaidu and his vassal Duwa to integrate the original ulus (dynasties) of Ögedei and Chagatai.
In India, the Delhi Sultanate was led by war-like, despotic anti-Hindu rulers. Duwa was active in Afghanistan and attempted to extend Mongol rule to India, but there he was defeated by a formidable foe, Ala-ud-Din, who had ascended to the throne of Delhi in 1296. The Mongols thereafter repeatedly invaded northern India. On at least two occasions, they came in strength. The second time around, they took Delhi but could not keep their hold on the Sultanate. Kaidu persisted in trying to conquer Mongolia, the key to China, but he died fighting the Kublaids (1301).
Tughlugh Timur and Tamerlane
Duwa tried to carry on where Kaidu left off, but he had to suppress a challenge by Kaidu's son, Chapar, and when he tried to make war on the Ilkhanids he was repulsed and killed. After the death of the khan Qazan in 1347, the Chagatai Khanate was divided into western (Transoxiana) and eastern (Moghulistan) halves. Power in the western half devolved into the hands of several tribal leaders, most notably the Qara'unas. Khans appointed by the tribal rulers were mere puppets. The eastern khan Tughlugh Timur (1347-1363), an obscure Chaghataite adventurer, gained ascendancy over the nomadic Mongols and, in an earlier, steppes version of Henry of Navarre's "Paris is worth a mass", converted to Islam. In 1360 and again in 1361 he invaded the western half in the hope that he could reunify the khanate. At their height, Chaghataite domains extended from the Irtysh River in Siberia down to Ghazni in Afghanistan and from Transoxiana to the Tarim Basin.
Tughlugh Timur was unable to completely subjugate the tribal rulers, and after his death in 1363 the Moghuls left Transoxiana, whereupon the Qara'unas leader Amir Husayn took control of Transoxiana. Timur i Leng, or Tamerlane, a Muslim native of Transoxania who claimed descent from Genghis Khan, desired control of the khanate for himself and opposed Amir Husayn. He took Samarkand in 1366 and was recognized as emir in 1370, although he continued to officially act in the name of the Chagatai ulus. For over three decades, Timur used the Chagatai lands as the base for extensive conquests, conquering the rulers of Herat in Afghanistan, Shiraz in Persia, Baghdad in Iraq, Dehli in India, and Damascus in Syria. After defeating the Ottoman Turks at Angora, Timur died in 1405 while marching on China. The Timurid Dynasty continued under his son, Shah Rukh, who ruled from Herat until his death in 1447.
Successors of the Chagataites
The Chagatai Khanate flourished again during the 15th century, when it took Tashkent (1484), although by then its Mongol component had been diluted and it was a mainly Turkic empire with Mongol overlords, for the name of Genghis Khan still drummed legitimacy. The Chagatai Khanate did not have uncontested domain over the steppes, for the Kirghiz and the Oirats (Western Mongols) roamed in Junggar (east of Lake Balkash) without major opposition.
In the 15th and 16th centuries, the area of the Chagatai Khanate came under the control of the Sheibanids (Shibanids or Shaybanids), a branch of the Golden Horde, who were called Uzbeks. They moved east to the central steppes in 1431 and south to the Syr Darya in 1446 to make contact with the settled peoples of Transoxania. The nomads who remained in the north revolted in 1456 to become the Kazakhs. The Mongolian Oirat nomands seceded the following year. The Uzbeks under Muhammad Shaybani captured Samarkand in 1501 and Khiva in 1505. Tashkent fell in 1509 and the Chagatai dynasty gradually petered out in the Ili region (in modern northwest China) through internal decomposition and attrition from attacks by the Kazakhs, the Oirats, and other hordes that were roaming Central Asia. Meanwhile, the Uzbeks founded the khanate of Bokhara in 1582, which endured until the Russian conquest of the 19th century.
Around 1600, Kashgaria was ruled by Muslim clerics known as Khojas. When the Oirats were driven by the Khalkas or eastern Mongols out of Kobdo (east of Lake Balkash), a branch of the Oirats held out in the Tarbagatai Range (south-east of Balkash). Another branch went south and occupied Lhasa in Tibet, where it founded an independent khanate in 1616. In 1677, the Oirats of Tarbagatai had established suzerainty over Kashgaria and the Khojas. It is this branch of the Oirats which recaptured Kobdo in 1690 from the divided Khalkas. It proceeded to invade Mongolia to the Kerulen River (eastern Mongolia), but were quickly ejected by the Khalkas with the help of the Manchu Qing dynasty, who at that point made Mongolia its vassal (1691). The territories of the Oirats west of Mongolia became the khanate of Junggar, which in 1717 annexed Lhasa. It was a distant reconstitution of the Mongol Chagatai Khanate but totally separated from the Turks of Transoxiana and also, unlike the Chagatai Khanate, in a world where nomadic power was obsolescent.
Ögedei, (also Ögädäi, Ögedäi, Ogotai, etc.) (1186-1241), was the third son of Genghis Khan. He succeeded his father to rule as the second great Khan of the Mongol Empire. He continued the expansion the empire that his father had begun. Like all of Genghis' primary sons, he participated extensively in conquests in Western China and Central Asia.
He was elected supreme khan in 1229, according to the kuriltai held after Genghis' death, although this was never really in doubt as it was Genghis' clear wish that he be succeeded by Ögedei. Ogedei was a physically big man, jovial and charismatic, who seems mostly to have been interested in enjoying good times. He did not inherit Genghis Khan's genius, but he was intelligent and steady in character, despite being an alcoholic. Thanks to the organization left behind by Genghis Khan, the affairs of the Mongol Empire remained for the most part stable during his reign.
During his reign, the Mongols completed the destruction of the JurchenJin empire (in 1234), coming into contact and conflict with the Southern Song. In 1235, under the khan's direct generalship, the Mongols began a war of conquest that would not end for forty-five years, and would result in the complete annexation of all of China. Mongol armies vassalized Korea, established permanent control of Persia proper (commanded by Chormagan) and, most notably, expanded westward under the command of Batu Khan to subdue the Russian steppe. Their western conquests included almost all of Russia (save Novgorod, which became a vassal), Hungary, and Poland.
The Mongol expansion throughout the Asian continent under the leadership of Ögedei helped bring political stability and re-establish the Silk Road, the primary trading route between East and West.
Ögedei's death in 1241, brought the Mongol invasion of Europe to a premature end. The commanders heard the news as they were advancing on Vienna, and withdrew for the kuriltai in Mongolia, never again to return so far west.
His son Güyük eventually succeeded him after the five-year regency of his widow Töregene Khatun.
Category:Mongol KhansCategory:1186 birthsCategory:1241 deathsja:オゴデイ
Güyük Khan
Güyük (c. 1206–1248) (also transliterated Guyuk, Kuyuk, Güyük, etc.) was the third Mongolkhan, son of Ögedei Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, who reigned from 1246 to 1248.
He served as a military officer, as did the other senior princes of the Mongol Empire, under Genghis and, mainly, Ögedei. In 1233, he conquered Puxian Wannu's Dongxia Kingdom.
He participated in the invasion of Russia and Europe in 1236-1241 with many of the other Mongol princes, including Batu. During the course of the invasion, however, Güyük quarreled violently with Batu, and was for a time recalled to Mongolia. This breach between the families of Jöchi and Ogedei would widen over time, and ultimately prove the downfall of the Mongol Empire.
In the meanwhile, however, Ögedei had died, his widow Töregene had taken over as regent, was in a position of great influence and authority, and used both to advocate for her son Güyük. In spite of Batu's withdrawal from Europe so that he might have some influence over the succession, and in spite of his delaying tactics, Töregene succeeded in getting Güyük proclaimed grand khan in 1246. Guyuk's enthronement near Qaraqorum, the Mongol capital, was attended by John of Plano Carpini.
He reversed several of the unpopular edicts of his mother the regent and made a surprisingly capable khan, appointing Eljigidei in Persia (with designs for an attack on Baghdad) and pursuing the war against the Song Dynasty. Nevertheless, he was somewhat unpopular and insecure, executing several formerly high-ranking officials on grounds of treason. In 1248, he demanded Batu come towards Mongolia to meet him, a move that at least some at the time regarded as a pretext for Batu's arrest. After this order, Batu indeed was on his way, with a large army. Guyuk also prepared for battle, and a civil war was almost inevitable.
However, this showdown never came to be— Güyük died on the way at about forty-two of the combined effects of alcoholism and gout. His widow Oghul Ghaimish took over as regent, but she would be unable to keep the succession within her branch of the family, as Möngke succeeded as khan in 1251.
Genghis Khan's sons and grandsons, like many Mongols, were haunted by alcoholism, a vice that Genghis himself had detested. Genghis himself once remarked that it was not realistic to expect a man not to get drunk on occasion. The death of Guyuk had a profound effect on history. Guyuk wanted to turn the Mongol conquests against Europe. Due to Guyuk's early death, Mongol family politics caused the Mongol efforts to be directed against South China, which was eventually conquered in the time of Kublai Khan.
The reign of Güyük, then, showed that the family split between Batu's line, the descendants of Jöchi, and the rest of the family might well be the fatal flaw for the unity of all the khanates, and civil war might well have occurred then, had he not died early. Batu eventually got together with Mongke and helped to set up Mongke as Great Khan, replacing the house of Ogodei with that of Tolui.
As for Oghul Ghaimish, who Mongke had remarked was "more contemptible than a bitch" (to a European visitor) she was executed after Batu and Mongke engineered this family coup.
External links
- [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/h/hakluyt/voyages/carpini/ Plano Carpini's account of the Mongols.]
Category:Mongol Khansja:グユク
Yesü Möngke
Yesü Möngke (d. 1252) was head of the ulus of the Chagatai Khanate (1246 or 1247-1252). He was the son of Chagatai Khan.
In or around 1246, he was appointed as khan of the Chagatai Khanate by the Great KhanGüyük Khan, whom he was friends with, following the deposition of Qara Hülëgü. The next Great Khan, however, Möngke Khan, initiated a purge of the supporters of the house of Ögedei Khan, amongst which were the Chaghadaids. Yesü Möngke and the Chaghadaid prince Büri were both exiled by Möngke to the camp of Batu Khan of the Blue Horde, who executed them. Qara Hülëgü was then restored to his former position.
Category:1252 deathsCategory:Chagatai Khans
Möngke Khan
Möngke Khan (1208-1259, also transliterated as Mongke, Mongka, Möngka, Mangu) was the fourth great Khan of the Mongol Empire. He was the son of Tolui and Sorghaghtani Beki, brother of Hulagu, and a grandson of Genghis Khan. He was the khan of the Mongol Empire from 1251 to 1259.
1259
Möngke is noted as participating in the European campaign of 1236-1242, participating in the campaign against the steppe peoples to the southeast of the Russian principalities, the destruction of Kiev, and the assault of Hungary. In the summer of 1241, before the premature end of the campaign, Möngke returned home.
After the death of the third great Khan, Güyük, Möngke found himself the champion of the factions of Genghis' descendants who aimed to supplant the branch of Ögedei. Batu, the senior male of the family, had almost come to open warfare with Güyük in 1248, the khan's early death precluding this. Batu joined forces with Tolui's widow to outmaneuver the regent, Ögedei's widow Oghul Ghaimish. Batu called a kuriltai in Siberia in 1250, which was protested as not being in Mongolia proper. However, Batu ignored the opposition, had his brother Berke call a kuriltai within Mongolia, and elected Möngke khan in 1251.
Realizing they had been outmaneuvered, the Ögedeiid faction attempted to overthrow Möngke under the pretext of paying him homage, but their conspiracy was clumsy and easily avoided. Oghul Ghaimish was sewn up into a sack and drowned.
Möngke, as khan, seemed to take much more seriously the legacy of world conquest he had inherited than did Güyük. He concerned himself more with the war in China, outflanking the Song Dynasty through the conquest of Yunnan in 1254 and an invasion of Indochina, which allowed the Mongols to invade from north, west, and south. Taking command personally late in the decade, he captured many of the fortified cities along the northern front. These actions ultimately rendered the conquest a matter of time. He dispatched his brother Hulagu to the southwest, an act which was to expand the Mongol Empire to the gates of Egypt. European conquest was neglected due to the primacy of the other two theaters, but Möngke's friendliness with Batu ensured the unity of empire.
However, while conducting the war in China at Diaoyucheng in Sichuan, Möngke fell ill of dysentery and died (in 1259), which aborted Hülegü's campaign, staved off defeat for the Song, and caused a civil war that destroyed the unity, and invincibility, of the Mongol Empire.
In some texts Möngke is said to be killed by a rock falling onto his head while attacking Diaoyucheng.
Mongke KhanMongke KhanCategory:Mongol Khansja:モンケ
Mubarak Shah
Mubarak Shah was head of the ulus of the Chagatai Khanate (1252-1260, March-September1266). He was the son of Qara Hülëgü and Orghina.
Upon the death of his father in 1252, Mubarak Shah succeeded him as Chagatai Khan, with his mother Orghina acting as regent. Both Orghina and Mubarak Shah ruled as Muslims. In 1260, however, the Great Khan claimant Ariq Boke appointed Chagatai Khan's son Alghu, and by the following year Alghu had control over much of the Khanate. When Alghu revolted against Ariq Boke in 1262, Orghina supported him. After Alghu died in 1266, Orghina enthroned Mubarak Shah as head of the ulus, without the permission of the Great KhanKublai Khan. The Great Khan, however, supported Baraq, a great-grandson of Chagatai. Baraq gained the loyalty of Mubarak Shah's army soon moved against him, exiling him that year. Later, Mubarak Shah supported Kaidu against Baraq in 1271, but soon felt compelled to defect to another of Kaidu's enemies, the IlkhanAbaqa.
Category:Chagatai Khans
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It was not one of the original top-level domains established in 1985. Instead, it was defined in June 1999 by RFC2606.
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Barelwi
Barelwi is historically the term for the residents of Bareilly, a small city in the North Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. In modern usage, it usually refers to the followers of Imam Ahmed Rida Khan Barelwi, an important Muslim scholar of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Barelwis are Sunni Muslims.
The actual followers of Imam Ahmad Rida Khan - while including themselves in the Sunnis -
