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Category:User ml-NThe Malayalam script in the template reads: "Malayalam mathrubhashayaayulla vyakthi", meaning: "Individual who has Malayalam as his mother tongue".
Category:User ml
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ko:분류:사용자 ml-M
Malayalam language:Note: Malayalam is not the Malay language, which is spoken in Malaysia.
Malayalam (മലയാളം) is the language of the state of Kerala, in southern India. It is one of the 22 official languages of India, spoken by around 30 million people. A person who speaks Malayalam is called a "Malayali" (or rarely, a "Keralite").
It belongs to the family of Dravidian languages. Both the language and its writing system are closely related to Tamil. Malayalam has a script of its own.
Evolution
With Tamil, Kota, Kodava Thakk and Kannada, Malayalam belongs to the southern group of Dravidian languages. Its affinity to Tamil is the most striking. Proto-Tamil Malayalam, the common stock of Tamil and Malayalam apparently disintegrated over a period of four of five centuries from the ninth century on, resulting in the emergence of Malayalam as a language distinct from Tamil. As the language of scholarship and administration Tamil greatly influenced the early development of Malayalam. Later the irresistible inroads the Namboothiris made into the cultural life of Kerala and the trade relationships with Arabs and the conquest of Kerala by Portuguese, establishing vassal states accelerated the assimilation of many Romance, Semitic and Indo-Aryan features into Malayalam at different levels spoken by different castes and religious communities like Muslims, Christians and Hindus.
Kerala and Lakshadweep Islands are the only place in world where Malayalam is the main spoken language.
Malayalam colloquial grammar is available at [http://www.geocities.com/malayalamgrammar]
Development of literature
The earliest written record of Malayalam is the vazhappalli inscription (ca. 830 AD). The early literature of Malayalam comprised three types of composition:
- Classical songs known as /Pattu/ of the Tamil tradition
- Manipravalam/ of the Sanskrit tradition, which permitted a generous interspersing of Sanskrit with Malayalam
- The folk song rich in native elements
Malayalam poetry to the late twentieth century betrays varying degrees of the fusion of the three different strands. The oldest examples of /Pattu/ and Manipravalam respectively are /ramacharitam/ and /vaishikatantram/, both of the twelveth century.
The earliest extant prose work in the language is a commentary in simple Malayalam, Bhashakautaliyam (12th century) on Chanakya's Arthasastra. Malayalam prose of different periods exhibit various levels of influence from different languages such as Tamil, Sanskrit, Prakrit, Pali, Hebrew, Hindi, Urdu, Arabic, Persian, Syriac, Portuguese, Dutch, French and English. Modern literature is rich in poetry, fiction, drama, biography, and literary criticism.
The script
In the early ninth century /vattezhuthu/ (round writing) traceable through the Grantha script, to the pan-Indian Brahmi script, gave rise to the Malayalam writing system. It is syllabic in the sense that the sequence of graphic elements means that syllables have to be read as units, though in this system the elements representing individual vowels and consonants are for the most part readily identifiable. In the 1960s Malayalam dispensed with many special letters representing less frequent conjunct consonants and combinations of the vowel /u/ with different consonants.
Malayalam now consists of 56 letters including 20 long and short vowels and the rest consonants. The earlier style of writing is now substituted with a new style from 1981. This new script reduces the different letters for typeset from 900 to less than 90. This was mainly done to include Malayalam in the keyboards of typewriters and computers.
Language variation and external influence
Variations in intonation patterns, vocabulary, and distribution of grammatical and phonological elements are observable along the parameters of region, religion, community, occupation, social stratum, style and register. Influence of Sanskrit is most prominent in the Hindu high caste dialects and least in the lower caste dialects like most other Indian languages. Loan words from English, Syriac, Hebrew, Latin, and Portuguese abound in the Christian dialects and those from Arabic and Urdu in the muslim dialects. Malayalam has borrowed from Sanskrit thousands of nouns, hundreds of verbs and some indeclinables. Some items of basic vocabulary also have found their way into Malayalam from Sanskrit. Like other parts of India, Sanskrit was considered as the aristocratic and scholastic language, similar to Latin in Europe.
But a greater degree of Sanskrit influence is confined to the Namboothiri dialect of Malayalam which is spoken by people constituting less than 2% of the total Malayali population. At the same time Portuguese and Arabic influence is limited to loan words but outnumbers those from Sanskrit.
Trivia
- Malayalam is the longest language name in English which is a palindrome.
- The Malayalam script, of the Malayalam language spoken in Southern India, Kerala, is a descendant of the Grantha script.
- The first Malayalam dictionary was compiled by a German missionary, Hermann Gundert (Grandfather of Nobel Laureate German writer Herman Hesse.)
See also
- The lists of Malayalam words and words of Malayalam origin at Wiktionary, the free dictionary and Wikipedia's sibling project
- Judeo-Malayalam
- Kerala
- Malayalam script
- Malayalam calendar
- Malayalam literature
- Malayalam cinema
- Malayalam journalism
- List of places in Kerala
- Demographics of India for a list of the official languages of India.
- Languages of India
- List of national languages of India
- List of Indian languages by total speakers
External links
- [http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/mala/mala.htm Information on Malayalam language at Department of Public Relations, Government of Kerala]
- [http://www.geocities.com/malayalamgrammar Grammar of colloquial Malayalam]
- [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D00.pdf Unicode Code Chart for Malayalam (PDF Format)]
- [http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=MJS Ethnologue report for Malayalam]
- [http://www.malayalamdictionary.com Malayalam Online Dictionary]
- [http://www.iit.edu/~laksvij/language/malayalam.html Indian Language Converter] A means to transliterate romanised to Unicode Malayalam
Category:Agglutinative languages
Category:Dravidian languages
Category:Languages of India
Category:Kerala
ms:Bahasa Malayalam
ja:マラヤーラム語
Malayalam language:Note: Malayalam is not the Malay language, which is spoken in Malaysia.
Malayalam (മലയാളം) is the language of the state of Kerala, in southern India. It is one of the 22 official languages of India, spoken by around 30 million people. A person who speaks Malayalam is called a "Malayali" (or rarely, a "Keralite").
It belongs to the family of Dravidian languages. Both the language and its writing system are closely related to Tamil. Malayalam has a script of its own.
Evolution
With Tamil, Kota, Kodava Thakk and Kannada, Malayalam belongs to the southern group of Dravidian languages. Its affinity to Tamil is the most striking. Proto-Tamil Malayalam, the common stock of Tamil and Malayalam apparently disintegrated over a period of four of five centuries from the ninth century on, resulting in the emergence of Malayalam as a language distinct from Tamil. As the language of scholarship and administration Tamil greatly influenced the early development of Malayalam. Later the irresistible inroads the Namboothiris made into the cultural life of Kerala and the trade relationships with Arabs and the conquest of Kerala by Portuguese, establishing vassal states accelerated the assimilation of many Romance, Semitic and Indo-Aryan features into Malayalam at different levels spoken by different castes and religious communities like Muslims, Christians and Hindus.
Kerala and Lakshadweep Islands are the only place in world where Malayalam is the main spoken language.
Malayalam colloquial grammar is available at [http://www.geocities.com/malayalamgrammar]
Development of literature
The earliest written record of Malayalam is the vazhappalli inscription (ca. 830 AD). The early literature of Malayalam comprised three types of composition:
- Classical songs known as /Pattu/ of the Tamil tradition
- Manipravalam/ of the Sanskrit tradition, which permitted a generous interspersing of Sanskrit with Malayalam
- The folk song rich in native elements
Malayalam poetry to the late twentieth century betrays varying degrees of the fusion of the three different strands. The oldest examples of /Pattu/ and Manipravalam respectively are /ramacharitam/ and /vaishikatantram/, both of the twelveth century.
The earliest extant prose work in the language is a commentary in simple Malayalam, Bhashakautaliyam (12th century) on Chanakya's Arthasastra. Malayalam prose of different periods exhibit various levels of influence from different languages such as Tamil, Sanskrit, Prakrit, Pali, Hebrew, Hindi, Urdu, Arabic, Persian, Syriac, Portuguese, Dutch, French and English. Modern literature is rich in poetry, fiction, drama, biography, and literary criticism.
The script
In the early ninth century /vattezhuthu/ (round writing) traceable through the Grantha script, to the pan-Indian Brahmi script, gave rise to the Malayalam writing system. It is syllabic in the sense that the sequence of graphic elements means that syllables have to be read as units, though in this system the elements representing individual vowels and consonants are for the most part readily identifiable. In the 1960s Malayalam dispensed with many special letters representing less frequent conjunct consonants and combinations of the vowel /u/ with different consonants.
Malayalam now consists of 56 letters including 20 long and short vowels and the rest consonants. The earlier style of writing is now substituted with a new style from 1981. This new script reduces the different letters for typeset from 900 to less than 90. This was mainly done to include Malayalam in the keyboards of typewriters and computers.
Language variation and external influence
Variations in intonation patterns, vocabulary, and distribution of grammatical and phonological elements are observable along the parameters of region, religion, community, occupation, social stratum, style and register. Influence of Sanskrit is most prominent in the Hindu high caste dialects and least in the lower caste dialects like most other Indian languages. Loan words from English, Syriac, Hebrew, Latin, and Portuguese abound in the Christian dialects and those from Arabic and Urdu in the muslim dialects. Malayalam has borrowed from Sanskrit thousands of nouns, hundreds of verbs and some indeclinables. Some items of basic vocabulary also have found their way into Malayalam from Sanskrit. Like other parts of India, Sanskrit was considered as the aristocratic and scholastic language, similar to Latin in Europe.
But a greater degree of Sanskrit influence is confined to the Namboothiri dialect of Malayalam which is spoken by people constituting less than 2% of the total Malayali population. At the same time Portuguese and Arabic influence is limited to loan words but outnumbers those from Sanskrit.
Trivia
- Malayalam is the longest language name in English which is a palindrome.
- The Malayalam script, of the Malayalam language spoken in Southern India, Kerala, is a descendant of the Grantha script.
- The first Malayalam dictionary was compiled by a German missionary, Hermann Gundert (Grandfather of Nobel Laureate German writer Herman Hesse.)
See also
- The lists of Malayalam words and words of Malayalam origin at Wiktionary, the free dictionary and Wikipedia's sibling project
- Judeo-Malayalam
- Kerala
- Malayalam script
- Malayalam calendar
- Malayalam literature
- Malayalam cinema
- Malayalam journalism
- List of places in Kerala
- Demographics of India for a list of the official languages of India.
- Languages of India
- List of national languages of India
- List of Indian languages by total speakers
External links
- [http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/mala/mala.htm Information on Malayalam language at Department of Public Relations, Government of Kerala]
- [http://www.geocities.com/malayalamgrammar Grammar of colloquial Malayalam]
- [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D00.pdf Unicode Code Chart for Malayalam (PDF Format)]
- [http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=MJS Ethnologue report for Malayalam]
- [http://www.malayalamdictionary.com Malayalam Online Dictionary]
- [http://www.iit.edu/~laksvij/language/malayalam.html Indian Language Converter] A means to transliterate romanised to Unicode Malayalam
Category:Agglutinative languages
Category:Dravidian languages
Category:Languages of India
Category:Kerala
ms:Bahasa Malayalam
ja:マラヤーラム語
First languageFirst language (native language, mother tongue, or vernacular) is the language a person learns first. Correspondingly, the person is called a native speaker of the language, although one may also be a native speaker of more than one language, if all of the languages are learned naturally without formal instruction (i.e. through immersion) before puberty (see the discussion on multilingualism below). Often a child learns the basics of his or her first language(s) from his or her family.
Good skills in one's native language(s) are essential for further learning, as a native language is thought to be a base of thinking. Incomplete first language skills often make learning other languages difficult. Native language has therefore a central role in education.
The term "mother tongue" could be misleading. In some paternal societies, the wife moves in with the husband and thus may have a different first language (or dialect) than the local language of the husband. Yet their children usually only speak their local language. Only a few will learn to speak his or her mother's language like a native. Mother in this context probably originated from the definition of mother as source, or origin; as in mother-country or land.
One can have two (or more) native languages, thus being a native bilingual or indeed multilingual. The order in which these languages are learnt is not necessarily the order of proficiency. For instance, a French-speaking couple might have a daughter who learned French first, then English; but if she grew up in the United States, she is likely to become more proficient in English.
The Brazilian linguist Cleo Altenhofen considers the denomination "mother tongue" and its general usage not precise and leads to various interpretations that are biased in linguistic prejudices, specially when it comes to define which is the mother tongue of bilingual children from ethnical minority groups. He cites his own experience as a bilingual speaker of Portuguese language and Hunsrückish, a German-rooted language brought to Southern Brazil by the first German immigrants. In his case, similar to those of children who learn the language of the family which is different from the language of the environment (the 'official' language), it is questionable to say which language is his 'mother tongue'. Many scholars gave definitions of 'mother tongue' through the years based on the usage, the emotional relation from the speaker towards the language and even its dominance in relation to the environment, but all these criteria lack precision in linguistical terms.
See also
- bilingual
- language acquisition
- literacy
- second language
- heritage speaker
- sign language
Category:Language acquisition
zh-min-nan:Bó-gí
ja:母語
simple:Mother tongue
Category:User ml
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ko:분류:사용자 ml WUNP-TVright
UNC-TV is a network of PBS member stations in North Carolina, with headquarters in Research Triangle Park. The station takes its name from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and is owned by the UNC Center for Public Television.
The network creates many programs of local interest, including the newsmagazine North Carolina Now, the interview series North Carolina People (hosted by former UNC president William Friday), and special programs about the state's history and culture (often seen during the network's annual pledge drive). It also creates two programs for national distribution (The Woodwright's Shop and Lap Quilting).
It owns 11 transmitters that broadcast across the entire state, as well as into parts of Virginia and South Carolina, and four digital channels: UNC-KD (children's programs), UNC-HD (high-definition programming), UNC-NC (North Carolina public affairs and original local productions), and UNC-ED (educational television).
WUNC-TV in Chapel Hill, the network's flagship station, signed on in 1955 as the first educational television station south of Washington, D.C. Matching funds allowed for the construction of a new station in Columbia in 1965, and six more stations came on air between 1967 and 1972. In the next 15 years, three more stations signed on, and a system of translators in the mountains allowed the network to reach across the entire state.
It should be noted that Charlotte's WTVI and the Hampton Roads' WHRO-TV (which covers a portion of North Carolina) are not part of the UNC-TV network.
Transmitters
External links
- [http://www.unctv.org/ UNC-TV Web site]
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Category:Television stations in North Carolina
Category:PBS member stations
Category:PBS stations in the United States that air BBC World News
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